Plant Ecology, Herbivory, and Human Impact in Nordic Mountain Birch Forests [electronic resource] / edited by M. M. Caldwell, G. Heldmaier, R. B. Jackson, O. L. Lange, H. A. Mooney, E. -D. Schulze, U. Sommer, Frans E. Wielgolaski, P. Staffan Karlsson, Seppo Neuvonen, Dietbert Thannheiser.

History and Environment of the Nordic Mountain Birch -- Soils and Nutrients in Northern Mountain Birch Forests: A Case Study from Finnmarksvidda, Northern Norway -- Vegetation of the Mountain Birch Forest in Northern Fennoscandia -- Biomass and Production on a Landscape Level in the Mountain Birch Forests -- Mountain Birch Growth in Relation to Climate and Herbivores -- Effects of Temperature Changes on Survival and Growth in Mountain Birch Populations -- Phenology and Performance of Mountain Birch Provenances in Transplant Gardens: Latitudinal, Altitudinal and Oceanity-Continentality Gradients -- Synthesis Section 1: A Dynamic Forest in a Changing Environment -- Forest Defoliation Risks in Birch Forest by Insects Under Different Climate and Land Use Scenarios in Northern Europe -- Birch Sapling Responses to Severity and Timing of Domestic Herbivore Browsing Implications for Management -- Effects of Reindeer Grazing on Pastures - A Necessary Basis for Sustainable Reindeer Herding -- Long-Term Influence of Herbivores on Northern Birch Forests -- Synthesis Section 2: Herbivory in Northern Birch Forests -- Rates and Processes of Natural Regeneration in Disturbed Habitats -- Recreation at Tree Line and Interactions with Other Land-Use Activities -- Economic Limits and Possibilities for Sustainable Utilization of Northern Birch Forests -- The Vegetation Changes and Recent Impact on the Mountain Birch Forest During the Last 40 Years -- Smi Approaches to Mountain Birch Utilization in Northern Spmi (Finland and Norway) -- Sustainable Reindeer Herding in Mountain Birch Ecosystem -- Competition Over Nature, Space, Resources and Management in the Mountain Birch Forest Ecosystem in Northernmost Fennoscandia: A Synthesis -- Landscape-Scale Model Relating the Nordic Mountain Birch Forest Spatio-Temporal Dynamics to Various Anthropogenic Influences, Herbivory and Climate Change -- Scenarios for Future Development of the Mountain Birch Ecosystem -- Managing the Nordic Mountain Birch Ecosystem: Local Communities and the State in Finlands Forestry -- Policies and Developing Plans Towards Sustainability of Mountain Birch Ecosystems in Scandinavia -- The Nordic Mountain Birch Ecosystem - Challenges to Sustainable Management.

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